10 10 173 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/719d5df7eae6483c1c9d8a2cc6e6eca9.jpg 3062cbdbc1e23655e785fa36bef2da64 Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:482216483 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stanford's Map of the Siberian Railway, the great Land Route to China and Korea. Subject The topic of the resource A map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad Description An account of the resource A map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Vladivostok Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stanford. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard Widener Library Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource After 1905, since the map shows Sakhalin Island bisected (which took place after the Russo-Japanese War) but before February 1917, when the Russian Empire fell. Language A language of the resource English Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:482216483 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:482216483 IIIF Item Metadata UUID 52d6925e-9c39-4111-948e-e2d0b1f21f46 Godless communists ports Railroads Russia Siberian tigers https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/66a1f7e0cb96f687d037c285fd141949.jpg d79af1611688314e866172fc1e20a1dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ethnographische Karte von Russland Subject The topic of the resource Ethnographic Map of Russia c.1878 Description An account of the resource This ethnographic map of European Russia depicts the makeup of the Russian Empire’s diverse population during the late 1800’s and how the various ethnic groups were geographically dispersed throughout the country. The map highlights the geographic area from the northern borderlands to the Black and Caspian Seas in the south, including the mountainous isthmus of the Caucasus which is historically considered a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The map identifies European Russia’s inhabitants as belonging to one of fourteen separate ethnic groups or “Stamme” (tr. tribes) which are further classified into forty-six different places of geographic or regional origin. For instance, ethnic Russians are identified as Slavs, comprised of three separate groups, representing separate regions of Russia’s heartland. While the map does not indicate the total population or population density of any one group or region, it does suggest the gradual absorption of smaller groups into the larger group identified as ethnic Russians. The integration and mixing of various ethnic groups were largely a result of the increased mobility and migration of peasants who were emancipated in 1861. Concentrations of non-ethnic Russians inhabited the outer ranges of the empire’s southern and easter frontiers, including the Caspian’s coastal city of Baku where Russia’s cholera epidemic of 1892 was identified as appearing first. Enclaves of ethnic Turkic and Iranian (Persian) people among others can be traced from Astrakhan on the delta of the Volga river northward toward the cities of Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and westward toward Russia’s largest cities Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was along the Volga that Russia experienced the rapid incursion of cholera because of poor living conditions and lack of sanitation. It was also along the Volga that the outbreak of several riots within the towns and settlements in response to the government’s initial measures to contain the outbreak of cholera. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rittikh, Aleksandr Fedorovich Petermann, A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Justus Perthes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1878 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rumsey Collection Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Composite Map IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3b3291ad-a0b1-4f64-a403-e47e5203e4f5 Baku Ethnography Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Russia russian Russian Empire Samara Saratov Simbirsk Slavic Volga Volga River https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/8e691d963fa5206d36045547d6335766.jpg 1791ed87ced9546d63c1ebde1d932c92 Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of the rail, water and road routes of transport of European Russia. Description An account of the resource Issued by the Ministry of Transport in 1902, the Map of the rail, water and road routes of transport of European Russia, shows the massive growth in the rail network in the short time after the introduction of the locomotive to the Russian Empire. From 1830 to 1847 the Russian Empire expanded their railway from zero miles to 227 miles, and again from 1847 to 1892 expanded to 30000 miles with a majority of which is closely represented in this map of European Russia.[1] Understanding the Map Charted by renowned map maker A. Ilyin [2], this map details the different major methods of transport throughout European Russia at the turn of the Century. The map is marked accordingly: <ul><li>Large Solid Black Lines - Railways</li> <li>Orange Shading / Lines - Represent Provincial Borders</li> <li>Blue Shaded inland areas - Waterways / rivers</li> <li>Thin Single / Double black lines - Roads</li> <li>Thin Single / Double red lines - Highways</li> <li>Black Dotted Lines - Telegraphs</li> </ul>Relation to the Cholera Epidemic This maps creation with close proximity to the 1892 Cholera epidemic also grants a reader with a better understanding of how the disease quickly spread throughout the Empire through its extensive travel infrastructure. The Western European regions are heavily connected to one another, granting quick access by not only travelers and citizens, but anything else which has the capability of travelling, such as a disease. Notable Blanks in Service On this map is key to note a number of locations had significantly less railway connection. For example, termination points in a number of large cities in the East. While cities like Kazan often served as gateways to east Russia, we see large swaths of land that see no connection at all to railways. Serving as termination points for rail service could result in losses of revenue, as exports only from the termination point city and travelers and locals specifically heading to Kazan finding themselves there. Other locations have railways going significantly further into eastern Russia. A key possibility is a level of influence held by one region over another, direct connections with the Russian government, or general corruption among those constructing the railways. While termination points and / or lack of railway access would have been economic barriers to success, for these same reasons, the spread of the Cholera epidemic could be lessened. Fewer citizens and travelers to termination points could also reduce the likelihood of a town or region contracting the disease. A notable blank in rail service is also along the Volga. Along the river there appear to be no less than Eight termination points. A possible shift from rail service to steamboat or water transport, inability to construct bridges over the Volga, or a general lack of economic neccessity could have been reasons for these terminations. [1] Frank Clemov, The Cholera Epidemic of 1892 in the Russian Empire .. St. Petersburg: K.L. Rikker, 1893. 38 [2] As described by Professor O'Neill in her 1/19/2022 lecture Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Russian Ministry of Transport, Ilyin, A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived David Rumsey Historical Map Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Russian Ministry of Transport Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Subject The topic of the resource A Map of the rail, water and road routes of transport throughout that of European Russia. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource Russian IIIF Item Metadata UUID 64e3986a-b544-410e-91d9-f5f67f4a14e4 JSON Data https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Kazan Rail railroad train Volga https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/d1f81cd1c11a05eccc30ccce62a0a468.jpg fcb89d2a27794327b27210b73e1c5ab7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Industries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Detailed Atlas of the Russian Empire with plans of the towns Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available A. Ilyin, St. Petersburg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1871 IIIF Item Metadata UUID 9a7878b3-3513-4cc0-9feb-aeee1552d2be https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/8b72a4908578c7980f876683f4244932.jpeg 77fe870dc797ca8bca43ade9f0b0294f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Russian Map of the Spread of Cholera Subject The topic of the resource Cholera spread in Russia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource C. de Castelli Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.bada.org/object/rare-epidemiological-map-depicting-spread-1892-cholera-epidemic-across-russia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3a1ea569-741b-4d10-a402-5db1a2106e3d https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/fd69e172d15815f384c1efd6affb03dc.jpg 60ac0c9b5c2fd0656c4ea311b110110d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Annotated Color Map of Russia in the 19th Century Subject The topic of the resource Color Map of Russia in the 19th Century, annotated to show the 1892 spread of cholera up the Volga River and on to Nizhni-Norgorod, the site of the trade fair. Description An account of the resource This 19th Century English map of European Russia is annotated to show the 1892 spread of cholera up the Volga River, spreading 12,000 miles in 12 days from Astrakhan to Saratof to Samara to Simbirsk to Nizhni-Novgorod. This map highlights just how close these towns were to each other. While they had varied methods of quarantine and certainly a wide range of responses from the public to cholera mitigation efforts, Nizhni-Novgorod remains an outlier. As the site of the annual fair with 200,000 visitors buying and selling goods from all parts of Russia and neighboring countries, Nizni-Novgorod was not like-wise restricted and the reported rates of illness and death at this one town are suspiciously low. Follow the visual trail from Astrakhan up the Volga and on the Oka River to Moscow. This visualization makes it impossible to believe that the huge mass of people coming and going out of Nizhni-Novgorod remained healthy. You can see that it would be impossible and cannot be considered a plausible scenario. When you see the progression of the spread and can visualize the closeness of the towns, the question of the fair at Nizhni-Novgorod comes into clear focus. Not the answers, just the questions. The map brings to life the central location that Nizhni-Novgorod provided for water and land based trade. From the Baltic to Central Asia, the connecting of the Volga and Oka River and the Kama River on to the Ural Mountains and Siberia, this location was a hub that provided a perfect trading site. To annotate all the waterways became distracting and even the most elemental reading of this map will bring these water routes into focus without the need for annotations. Clear and plainly marked, this map is a perfect way to see trading possibilities as they were in 1892 at the time of outbreak; it is also a perfect way to start to consider all the possible reasons this fair was allowed to continue year after year, in the heart of cholera outbreaks that closed down the rest of European Russia. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford's Georg! Estab; London Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 19th Century Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cambridge University Press Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Map IIIF Item Metadata UUID c29314a5-a26f-471d-b23e-afc60490c18a 19th Century Cholera Color Russia Volga River https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/1c7e8d59932d9bad276fab22a00d0ee2.jpg 3062cbdbc1e23655e785fa36bef2da64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad Subject The topic of the resource A map of the Russian railroads through the European Russia, the Urals, Siberia, Mongolia, China and the Russian Pacific coast. Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource This is a map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad published in January 1914 by Edward Stanford in London. I am writing about the Trans-Siberian Railroad in Russia, and how it contributed to the spread of cholera during the epidemic of 1892. The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the longest railway in the world, stretching 5,571 miles from Moscow, in the center of European Russia, all the way to Vladivoskok, on Russia’s Pacific coast. It connects with the Chinese Eastern Railroad, which cuts across Mongolia. The Trans-Siberian Railroad opened up parts of European Russia, the Urals, Siberia and Mongolia to increased economic development, trade, and settlement. Unfortunately, it also opened up previously inaccessible regions to the spread of deadly diseases, such as cholera. Cholera was sometimes spread by passengers who were unaware that they had the disease. While rivers in Russia were frozen over in the wintertime, limiting travel among them, railroads were operational year round, which potentially created the limitless spread of cholera. This map shows the route of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and adjoining railroads, such as the rail line that goes to St. Petersburg in northwest Russia. It labels all of the cities and towns that the railroad passes through. It also shows the neighboring countries to the south of Russia, some of which, like China, have connecting railroads, and Pacific nations such as Japan. The map also shows the Korean peninsula, and Man-churia, where Russia was expanding into prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. Port Arthur, Russia’s warm water port in China, is also shown on the map. As Russia expanded to all of these areas, it had to battle various levels of inadequate sanitation and local diseases. While the imperial Russian government may have battled with sanitation in remote Russian villages, there were probably even more sanitary problems in areas like Manchuria that were occupied by Russia after the Boxer Rebellion, but were not formally Russian territory. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edward Stanford. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1st, 1914. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 2e41182f-03a7-42c6-b8fc-db52ee50cbf2 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/ebf4a9f1735fceff4d3e01a916f07219.jpeg d1239be418c0048aaff688c4a0ce8501 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Assignments IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 4c647e5e-b3d3-454c-a95d-f4859881dd5a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping the 1889-1890 Russian Flu Subject The topic of the resource Russian Flu Description An account of the resource In this map we get a global view, as it was a pandemic that spread across all of the world. We see places where the spread was far more dense than other locations. For example we see that all of Europe had been affected at one point or another. We also see parts of Africa that are bare and most likely not affected or recorded. A major part of this map is to transmit the information and present a timeline of when these different locations got infected over the course of a calendar year. We see places get infected as early as September of 1889 like Tobolsk. We also see places get infected as late as October 1890 such as Korea. We also have locations that are marked as getting infected however it is unknown what month they had been transmitted the disease. Those locations are marked with purple diagonal lines. With viewing this map you truly get to see the scale of how bad and devastating this pandemic became. Although the numbers and dates in this map are estimated due to infections being spread by word of mouth so everything you see on this map may not be 100% accurate, it's the best we are going to get given the time period. We are also given a smaller map in the bottom right corner that shows all the locations infected no matter when they were infected. This does a really good job as the infection spots are all the same color opposed to the colors being associated with different months out of the year. It is a little easier to read. With the key being in the bottom right corner, this map does a fantastic job of showing why this was truly a global pandemic and how it ended up retaining that title so quickly due to the fast spread of the disease. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Library of Medacine Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/11/mapping-the-1889-1890-russian-flu/ Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Library of Medacine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1889-1890 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource S. Guttman Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English IIIF Item Metadata UUID 773d6ca4-55b6-4e2c-ad03-2ab1007d5cd7 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/30975695c18630df97dee5dd4c01b6dc.png 2ebad329758fcf03561a8fbe811b3d06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ethnographic Map of Imperial Russia in 1905 Description An account of the resource Ethnographic Map of Imperial Russia in 1905 This map was created by the Imperial Geographic Society of Russia, and it displays the location of the various ethnic groups within the late Imperial Russia. The map shows only 60 of the 196 known ethnic groups residing in Russia; it is unknown whether the cartographers decided to impose a limit in resolution to keep the map legible, or their ethnographic knowledge was not yet complete. Interestingly, the map includes Alaska which was, of course, sold to America in 1867. This map allows plotting the location of Orthodox Christian monasteries founded in the 19th century to see if there is any correlation between ethnic groups, religions, and monasteries. One hundred and forty-five monasteries were founded in the final century of Imperial Russia, and, unsurprisingly, the vast majority of these were on lands where ethnic Russians constituted the predominant ethnic group. What is surprising, however, is that a non-insubstantial minority of these were founded in lands where Muslims (Tartars and Cossacks) formed the majority of the population. In fact, most of these monasteries resumed operation after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the cessation of atheistic persecutions. This, of course, casts doubts on the widely-held stereotype that all Muslims are fanatically ill-disposed against other religions and incapable of harmonious coexistence. It also opens a range of interesting questions. Was there any imperial force used to keep Muslims quiet? The available historical record generally denies this. On the other hand, how did these Monasteries were able to survive economically in the absence of a large patronage basis? Certainly, wealthy Russian individuals donated liberally, but, generally, monasteries survive on a continuous stream of the widows' mites. Did the local Muslim population provide any financial assistance? Type The nature or genre of the resource Ethnographic Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Imperial Geographic Society of Russia, IIIF Item Metadata UUID c7b1991f-a075-4218-813d-799970491aa6 Ethnic groups https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/e88ea1b5c433f270375f0a77e8d65f06.jpg c4e353f378c771da911f11faf71d39ed IIIF Item Metadata UUID 270df887-592c-4d6a-b53a-358d01d24713 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1892 Russian Cholera Outbreak Map Subject The topic of the resource Map depicting the spread of the 1892 Cholera Epidemic across Russia Description An account of the resource This is a map that was produced in 1893 by C. de Casrelli in St. Petersburg depicting with red arrows the progression of the Cholera epidemic that devastated Russia in 1892. It claimed 200,000 lives and was part of a global pandemic (the 7th cholera pandemic of the 19th century). This map illustrates a general southeastern to northwestern movement of cholera across Russia. This is significant for my project as it shows similarities in movement to the 1346-1353 Black Plague origins and transmission routes as well as the 1921 malaria origins and routes across Russia. Research confirms that climate played an important factor in all three epidemics in creating the conditions for both ideal disease incubation and increase modes of transmission. Of the three maps, the 1943 malaria map best illustrates the areas where high levels of outbreak occurred. All three diseases moved across Russia using established trade, communication, and transportation routes. There is a difference in the speed of travel between the Black Plague which took decades to travel across central and southern Russia before hitchhiking the sea trading routes of the Black Sea and the cholera and malaria epidemics which used rail and roadways to travel across Russia within a year. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Casrelli, C. de Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1883 Language A language of the resource Russian