11 10 173 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/ed7b009ce3baa7ba897101ff760bc0f3.jpeg 34e424d7a30f5e1b55351303e97d97a5 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/8a8bb6acaf349932977a42c47fea189d.jpeg bf748beae8754942ebc6427728d9b40c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eric Hoppe Final 1st image Map of Nizhny Novgorod, 2nd image Nizhny Novgorod on A.I. Mende (Mendt) map Subject The topic of the resource 1902 travelers map of Nizhny Novogorod city street plan and 1860 map of the general outline of the emergent cityscape of N. Novgorod. Description An account of the resource “Cholera epidemics regularly spread up the Volga from Astrakhan, most devastatingly in 1892 and 1893 when the disease ravaged the working population of the fair. “ Description of Cholera entering Niznhy Novgorod in 1892 from Melnikov Ocherki, (1817–1917) as found in Ocherki’s Bytovoi Istorii Nizhegorodskoi Iarmarki Thie primary map (a Baedeker map from 1902), shows the cityscape of Nizhnii Novgorod. It helps the audience to understand the spatial dimensions of Nizhnii Novgorod during the Cholera plague of 1892 during the time of the fair season. As is seen, Nizhnii Novgorod is split in half by the Volga River and was the primary transit point for goods, commerce, and people from west to east in the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century. It was especially hard hit with the plague across all social classes – but especially the poor and disenfranchised. Sanitation, clean water and provisions for the citizens were all conflated in this urban space. In looking at this map (and the secondary map) we will look to learn about the history of the people who sought to maximize their health and chances of avoiding Cholera by relying upon advancements of Imperial state’s-built environment. That is, was creating walls and defensive spaces like cordoned areas, bridges, hospitals, quarantine areas provided protection of the local inhabitants was effective? From this the map hopes to give the audience clues and insight into whether was it possible to fence off a Cholera Epidemic in 1892 in a Russian Imperial city of Nizhnii Novgorod? Sadly, the answer is no. But we do learn that the difficulty of securing the city or eliminating the spread was going to be a challenge irrespective of outcome and ,when compared to the second map, is that a silver lining to Cholera might be the creation of order and a more measurable and defined built environment as Imperial Russia sought to modernize. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maps by Wagner & Debs, Leipzig Austro-Hungary Empire, A.I Mende Saint Petersburg, Russia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Karl Baedecker, A.I. Mende Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902, 1860 Language A language of the resource French & Russian Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 56° 17' 47.4180'' N and 43° 56' 9.8088'' E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1st map Karl Baedecker's 1902 map of Nizhny Novgorod, 2nd map A.I. Mende (Mendt) map as requested by and organized for the Tsar's Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff, the Land Survey Department and the Russian Geographical Society Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Artist Statement - Eric Hoppe As a graduate student at Harvard, I am nearing the completion of a class focused upon viewing Imperial Russian history through the lens of maps. From this class, I have found myself venturing from the pragmatic world of Statist development to a world imbued with metaphysics and back again to make sense of the cosmology and eschatology of my experience. I find myself pondering questions, unsure if answers exist. I find puzzles with interlinking meaning in 2D vectored cartographic space with scalars of additional maps and legends and historical events adding context and nuance to what I see in a map that I might look at. I am confused, entertained, and enlightened, as I detail below. First, though, I want to share why I decided to pursue this presentation. And why, specifically, I chose these maps and why I selected the sources that inform their relevancy. Concerning the map(s) and accompanying texts to my presentation, I see commonalities of locations, events, and time now and in the past. For example, I view the JFK airport in New York City in the time of Sars Covid 2 in 2022 in comparable light with Nizhny Novgorod in 1892 in the time of a Cholera Epidemic. Both are central intermodal transit points for people and goods and have faced serious challenges in maintaining control of health for significant portions of the population during an epidemic. No one is/was immune despite best faith intentions of governmental agencies and local authorities and physicians to make/made efforts to keep people healthy and free of infection with heightened sanitary measures. That there is also a considerable conversation about the methods of dealing with the epidemics, replete with ideas of conspiracy and non-compliance to governmental oversight makes this an intriguing coincidence. To understand this historic doppelganger – I needed to answer a few questions: What was the built space of the period, and what was the built space in the intervening period, essentially at the time of the last epidemical outbreak of Cholera. Not to sound trite, but the only way to visually “see” this world, this place, at these times was with geographic maps of the period. My maps are a detailed tourist map by Baedeker from 1902 and an Imperially commissioned map from 1860. My primary sources are medical personnel reports and documents supported by secondary source material of experts in Russian history, the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the time period, and of the epidemic in question. The sources consider sanitation, hygiene, clean water, the communicability of Cholera, methods of conveyance, transmission, economics, class, cultural barriers and more. My questions had to be deep but narrow, meaningful but answerable, and I needed to learn something of the social and cultural character of the Russian people and the Empire under which they toiled. In the narration text that is attached to these maps, I believe you will find that the answers to many of these questions serve in equal measure of idea and ideology. I hope that you too will enjoy this journey in these maps with me as an attempt to address the following questions: What defines a built space in Imperial Russia in the nineteenth century? Is it one that confines, protects, and nurtures like a womb or a cocoon with a platform for emergence, growth, and expansion? Is it something from nothing full of hegemonic energy? Is it a part of the natural world with the needs, hope, and ambitions of those who crave security and a source of certainty (inclusive of positive and negative outcomes) in a mercurially unkind and challenging place? Does the built environment of Nizhny Novgorod serve civic purposes equally among class, ethnicity, and social hierarchy? Did it serve its purpose in the time of the Choleric epidemic? Was it part of the problem or effective in its resolution of the contagion? In complete candor, though I tried to find answers to these questions, I continue to ponder many of these points. IIIF Item Metadata UUID da997dcc-b417-4d4a-bd4e-0b084acd5b72 1892 Cholera Epidemic Famine Health Hospital Malnutrition Nizhny Novgorod Obliged Privileged Quarantine Railways Russian Empire Sanitation Tsar Alexander III Volga Zemstov IIIF Item Metadata UUID 797e960c-ef5e-4c52-8ca4-b708fa14fe75 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/3c3cb6a3cdf4d98f15a9cb3bf94fa115.jpeg c76d3c3763bf12f914909bb800ba4570 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Imperial Postal Service Map Description An account of the resource The postal road map hints at population density, data not readily available from other types of sources. On top of density, it also captures the shape of population distribution within a given region (This claim is not based on any serious research; I am writing this text only for demo). The European part of Russia with high population density has the highest road density, decreasing to north and east. The density of roads in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts is the lowest, and many of them are not connected to the federal network. The postal road density corresponds to the severity of cholera casualty. The configuration of the road network in the European part of the country is star-shaped, inherited from the network of the cart roads of the Russian Empire: all the main roads diverge by rays from Moscow. This topology of the network may have resulted from horizontal links between cities and regions of the country. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Imperial Russia (State); St. Petersberg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1860s IIIF Item Metadata UUID a85dc559-7188-4533-aa35-7b8aee52921d Mongols Postal Road Postal Service Russia Spatiality St. Petersberg St. Petersberg (1860s) Transportation https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/c95dc9a7b584a83206f07fe9ba597866.jpg 81fc84c8717edb254381adb2f372b0a4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource European Russia (1900) Subject The topic of the resource Map of European Russia Description An account of the resource This map of European Russia was created by German geographer and cartographer Richard Andree (1835 - 1912). Interestingly, Andree was the son of another well-known and much respected 19th Century German geographer, Karl Andree (1808 - 1875). During his lifetime, Andree’s primary concentration was ethnographic studies, but he is perhaps best known for producing the Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas (Andree’s General Atlas), a popular world atlas first published in 1881 and last published 25 years after his death (1937). This particular map reflects that of European Russia; authored by Andree and published by the Office of The Times (London) in 1900. This map is important because it defines the area comprising European Russia roughly at the time of the Russian Cholera Epidemic of 1892. Also, this map shows the locations of cities/towns and the primary sources or lines of human communication and/or contact between population centers. Additionally, this map shows the location of natural resources (e.g., fresh water sources – lakes, wells), as European cartographers would have understood it prior to the turn of the 20th Century. This is important, because access to clean/fresh water would have likely been a mitigation technique to reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms that caused (and continue to cause) waterborne illnesses (i.e., cholera). Because this map comprises the entirety of European Russia east to the Urals and southeast to the Transcaspian region, it is useful in tracking (i.e., date & timestamping) the spread of cholera in Russia, in the year 1892, as described by Dr. Frank Clemcow’s in his article: The cholera epidemic of 1892 in the Russian empire. Furthermore, the locations and features on this map most likely reflect Clemcow’s understanding of the environment during the period of his research 1892-1893. One can follow the lines of communication, quite literally, from the epidemic’s origin in the southwest and chart the disease’s likely vector(s) to the northwest corner of the empire. This map also provides a distinction of available water sources by location. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andree, Richard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived David Rumsey Historical Map Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Office of The Times (London, England) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1900 Language A language of the resource English IIIF Item Metadata UUID ff40a5d6-056c-46ef-923c-9b910253cb62 1900 lines of communication https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/6ca89501ed8c0ca9e62d643a570999aa.pdf 4ecda69924598c5d4e91d736fc71681c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource From the (Crimean) archives IIIF Item Metadata UUID 10a61463-4e89-44e5-ab59-ac87b2baf6b8 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/e0a8c783cb39189a55a822884153e1aa.jpg d90e4a6d7efbbdbe092118fc4f373c54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Assignments IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 4c647e5e-b3d3-454c-a95d-f4859881dd5a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baedeker Map (for Exercise 6) Description An account of the resource "European Russia." This map is from the same plate as the 1914 English-language edition of Baedeker's Handbook for Travelers to Russia. Because we do not have to a high-resolution copy of that particular edition, we are using this 1910 map of the same space. It comes from the following atlas: The Royal Atlas Of Modern Geography Exhibiting, In A Series Of Entirely Original And Authentic Maps, The Present Condition Of Geographical Discovery And Research In The Several Countries, Empires, And States Of The World By The Late Alexander Keith Johnston ... With Additions And Corrections To The Present Date By T.B. Johnston ... With A Special Index To Each Map. A New Edition. W.& A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh And London, MDCCCXCIII. <a href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37660~1210650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Click here to access the map via the Rumsey Collection</a>. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 91c20db6-8853-4461-8935-8d0df4d1270b https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/737a235bf561b6dc93b962e7a6265414.jpg 1999c1997e8748f9ec99e369c184c873 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/129058f840bf4f684bec87513a527710.jpg ea21489ea778fabdfbc77c413e5ef1bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crimea IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 9ac3c47a-079e-4711-bbbc-815bcf09e974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Crimea Map (1817) Description An account of the resource Semyon Aleksandrovich Mukhin's Military Topographical Map of Crimea, published by the Military-Topographical Depo of the General Staff of the Russian Army in 1817 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://kp.rusneb.ru/item/reader/voennaya-topograficheskaya-karta-poluostrova-kryma" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Access a high-resolution edition from the Russian National Library</a> IIIF Item Metadata UUID 56b22ad2-25e0-47e0-980f-a2c9703e86df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crimea IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 9ac3c47a-079e-4711-bbbc-815bcf09e974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lesser Tatary with Kiev and Belgorod provinces (1745) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684874 Description An account of the resource Sheet from the Russian Atlas: the first comprehensive and accurate atlas of the Russian Empire, published by the Academy of Sciences (under the direction of Joseph Delisle), 1745 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1745 IIIF Item Metadata Original @id https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684874/canvas/canvas-21684889.json JSON Data {"label":"(seq. 14)","width":9297,"@type":"sc:Canvas","images":[{"resource":{"service":{"profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/21684889"},"format":"image/jpeg","height":6754,"width":9297,"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/21684889/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image"},"on":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684874/canvas/canvas-21684889.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@id":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684874/annotation/anno-21684889.json","@type":"oa:Annotation"}],"height":6754,"@id":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684874/canvas/canvas-21684889.json","thumbnail":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/21684889/full/,150/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image"}} UUID 70e7380a-3aea-4ae8-9c02-001ee0e11b75 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Crimea IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 9ac3c47a-079e-4711-bbbc-815bcf09e974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tavrida Province (1792) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990068339240203941/catalog">HOLLIS permalink</a> Description An account of the resource Sheet from Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vilbrekht's 1792 Atlas of Russia in forty-four maps (published in St. Petersburg) IIIF Item Metadata Original @id https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684875/canvas/canvas-21684904.json JSON Data {"label":"(seq. 3)","width":10565,"@type":"sc:Canvas","images":[{"resource":{"service":{"profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/21684904"},"format":"image/jpeg","height":6731,"width":10565,"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/21684904/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image"},"on":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684875/canvas/canvas-21684904.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@id":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684875/annotation/anno-21684904.json","@type":"oa:Annotation"}],"height":6731,"@id":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/drs:21684875/canvas/canvas-21684904.json","thumbnail":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/21684904/full/,150/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image"}} UUID 982c08b7-83a7-49cc-9a31-8ad04dc87c8a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Quiz 7 Map Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived HOLLIS Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990144999970203941/catalog IIIF Item Metadata Original @id https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/ids:52503112/canvas/canvas-52503112.json JSON Data {"label":"Harvard University, Harvard Map Collection, G7103_C7_1855_M8_Stitched","width":28260,"@type":"sc:Canvas","images":[{"resource":{"service":{"profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level2.json","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/52503112"},"format":"image/jpeg","height":15636,"width":28260,"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/52503112/full/full/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image"},"on":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/ids:52503112/canvas/canvas-52503112.json","motivation":"sc:painting","@id":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/ids:52503112/annotation/anno-52503112.json","@type":"oa:Annotation"}],"height":15636,"@id":"https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/ids:52503112/canvas/canvas-52503112.json","thumbnail":{"@id":"https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/52503112/full/,150/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image"}} UUID 38cfa500-be82-4b2b-b591-9ab3c1561be4