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                <text>European Russia (1900)</text>
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                <text>This map of European Russia was created by German geographer and cartographer Richard Andree (1835 - 1912).  Interestingly, Andree was the son of another well-known and much respected 19th Century German geographer, Karl Andree (1808 - 1875).  During his lifetime, Andree’s primary concentration was ethnographic studies, but he is perhaps best known for producing the Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas (Andree’s General Atlas), a popular world atlas first published in 1881 and last published 25 years after his death (1937).&#13;
&#13;
This particular map reflects that of European Russia; authored by Andree and published by the Office of The Times (London) in 1900.  This map is important because it defines the area comprising European Russia roughly at the time of the Russian Cholera Epidemic of 1892.  Also, this map shows the locations of cities/towns and the primary sources or lines of human communication and/or contact between population centers.&#13;
&#13;
Additionally, this map shows the location of natural resources (e.g., fresh water sources – lakes, wells), as European cartographers would have understood it prior to the turn of the 20th Century.  This is important, because access to clean/fresh water would have likely been a mitigation technique to reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms that caused (and continue to cause) waterborne illnesses (i.e., cholera).&#13;
&#13;
Because this map comprises the entirety of European Russia east to the Urals and southeast to the Transcaspian region, it is useful in tracking (i.e., date &amp; timestamping) the spread of cholera in Russia, in the year 1892, as described by Dr. Frank Clemcow’s in his article: The cholera epidemic of 1892 in the Russian empire.  Furthermore, the locations and features on this map most likely reflect Clemcow’s understanding of the environment during the period of his research 1892-1893. One can follow the lines of communication, quite literally, from the epidemic’s origin in the southwest and chart the disease’s likely vector(s) to the northwest corner of the empire.  This map also provides a distinction of available water sources by location.&#13;
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                <text>Postal Routes of the Russian Empire</text>
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                <text>Pochtovaia karta Rossiiskoi Imperii. Chast 2</text>
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                <text>Andrei Makarov</text>
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                <text>Map illustrating the Russian postal routes across its entire territory. Given the size of the Russian empire in 1842, this large-scale map is notable for its elaborate details on geography, distances, and villages.</text>
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Map designed by Andrei Makarov, showing the postal routes, published by the Military-Topographic Bureau, delivered from local Provincial authorities. Part 1 showing internal provinces and regions, the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland; Part 2 Showing the Siberian province, the Yakut region and the Maritime Administration. Includes title cartouche, inset and legend. Relif shown by hachures."},{"label":"Country","value":"Russia"},{"label":"Subject","value":"Postal"},{"label":"Full Title","value":"Pochtovaia karta Rossiiskoi Imperii, sostavlennaia Pochtovym Departamentom ... Chast 1, soderzhashchaia vsei vnutrennaia gubernii, Tsarstvo Polskoe i drugiia vnov prisoedinennyia oblasti. Pochtovaia karta : Chast 2, soderzhashchaia Sibirskaia gubernii i oblasti po posliednemu ikh razdieleniiu. Pri Voyenno-Topograficheskom Byuro, 1842. Sostavlial' A. Makarov."},{"label":"List No","value":"13095.003"},{"label":"Page No","value":"chast 2"},{"label":"Series No","value":"3"},{"label":"Publication Author","value":"Makarov, Andrei"},{"label":"Pub Date","value":"1842"},{"label":"Pub Title","value":"Pochtovaia karta Rossiiskoi Imperii, sostavlennaia Pochtovym Departamentom ... Chast 1, soderzhashchaia vsei vnutrennaia gubernii, Tsarstvo Polskoe i drugiia vnov prisoedinennyia oblasti. Pochtovaia karta : Chast 2, soderzhashchaia Sibirskaia gubernii i oblasti po posliednemu ikh razdieleniiu. Pri Voyenno-Topograficheskom Byuro, 1842. Sostavlial' A. Makarov."},{"label":"Pub Note","value":"Alexander Johnson: \"This is a splendid 2-part set of large-format postal maps of the Russian Empire; with a map of European Russia and separate map of Siberia. It was made by the cartographer Andrey Makarov for the Russian Postal Department and lithographed in St. Petersburg by the Military Topographical Institute. It is an updated, re-lithographed version of Makarov\u2019s 1824 maps set which carries the distinction of being the first large format postal maps of Russia. The quality of the lithography, design and the fine watercolouring of this 1842 edition is very high, and this particular example has the maps bordered in green silk and housed within an elaborate full calf-gilt slipcase, making it a marquis example. Both the Russia in Europe and the Siberia postal maps showcase vast territories to a grand scale allowing a level of detail seldom possible on maps of such vast scope. The physical geography follows the most recent surveys from the Imperial Academy of Sciences, with coastlines, rivers and lakes carefully delineated; mountain ranges in European Russia are well defined, while such areas in Siberia are less precise. Each major jurisdiction (guberniyaor oblast) is outlined in its own brilliant hue of original colour, while county lines are carefully traced within. All cities, towns and villages of any consequence are marked, corresponding to their size as noted on the maps\u2019 key. Most interestingly, every postal route of the empire is carefully delineated on both maps with the distances in versts, an archaic Russian form of measurement equivalent to 1.07 km, marked at frequent intervals. The postal route information is predicated on the best sources from local officials, as well as the postal couriers themselves. The map of European Russia, which is designated as \u2018Part I\u2019 embraces a vast area from the Arctic Ocean to the Black and Caspian Sea and from Central Europe over to the Ural Mountains. Notably, the Russian Empire then ruled a large portion of Poland (\u2018Congress Poland\u2019), including Warsaw; as well as Finland and the Baltic Countries. Russia had also consociated it control over the Caucuses. Of note, the guberniya of St. Petersburg is fully shaded in purple, while the guberniya of Moscow is fully shaded in pink (as opposed to outline colour), so designating them as special postal zones with more comprehensive levels service owing to their large and dense populations. The map of Asiatic Russia, referred to as \u2018Part II\u2019 embraces all of Siberia, from the Urals to Kamchatka. It is important to remember that in 1842, Russia did not yet control Turkestan (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc., which would be conquered starting in the 1870s) or the future Primorsky Krai region in the Far East (the Vladivostok region, which would be taken from China in 1860). While less detailed (as the Siberia was sparsely populated) than the map of European Russia, in some ways it is the more interesting of the pair due to the awesome distances traversed by the postal routes, which represent noting but a triumph of human perseverance. The map takes in Siberia during a critical time at the beginning of the \u2018Great Game\u2019, the contest between Russia and Britain for mastery of the interior of Asia. The map shows that in addition to the well-established roughly 4,000-mile main postal line from the Urals to Okhotsk (the main Russian port on the Pacific), various spur portal routes had been recently opened to service the new settlements that had been founded to strengthen Russia\u2019s hold over Siberia. The size and detail of the present Asiatic Russia map is remarkable, as Siberia normally only appears as an inset upon contemporary thematic maps of the empire. The map set, although made by the Military Topographical Bureau, evinces a \u2018boutique\u2019 quality of craftmanship from the time before the era of mass cartographic production in Russia (which commenced with the founding of the Ilyin firm in 1859). The quality of the lithography is very high, and the map was carefully constructed entirely by hand using top quality materials. The present example is evidently a deluxe edition, as the maps are lined in green silk and housed within a full calf slipcase, created in St. Petersburg, bearing elaborate gilt and blind-stamped tooling; attributes lacking on the other examples of the map of which we are aware. It would be safe to assume that this set was made for an especially esteemed client.\""},{"label":"Pub List No","value":"13095.000"},{"label":"Pub Type","value":"Case Map"},{"label":"Pub Maps","value":"2"},{"label":"Pub Height cm","value":"23"},{"label":"Pub Width cm","value":"16"},{"label":"Image No","value":"13095003.jp2"},{"label":"Download 1","value":"&lt;a href=https://www.davidrumsey.com/rumsey/download.pl?image=/179/13095003.jp2 target=_blank&gt;Full Image Download in JP2 Format&lt;/a&gt;"},{"label":"Download 2","value":"&lt;a href=\"https://www.extensis.com/support/geoviewer-9\" target=\"_blank\"&gt;GeoViewer for JP2 and SID files&lt;/a&gt;"},{"label":"Authors","value":"Makarov, Andrei"}],"thumbnail":{"@id":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/iiif/RUMSEY~8~1~310815~90080526/full/!96,96/0/default.jpg","format":"image/jpeg"},"images":[{"@type":"oa:Annotation","motivation":"sc:painting","resource":{"@id":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/iiif/RUMSEY~8~1~310815~90080526/full/!1024,1024/0/default.jpg","@type":"dctypes:Image","service":{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json","@id":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/iiif/RUMSEY~8~1~310815~90080526","profile":"http://iiif.io/api/image/2/level1.json","protocol":"http://iiif.io/api/image"},"format":"image/jpeg","width":21400,"height":14154},"on":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/iiif/m/RUMSEY~8~1~310815~90080526/canvas/c1"}],"width":21400,"height":14154}</text>
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                <text>From: Abraham Ortelius' Theatrum orbis terrarum </text>
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                <text>&lt;a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;HOLLIS Permalink&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>This is a map created by Captain Theodor Seuss Geisel of the U.S. Army Special Service Division for all personal in the Army Orientation Course to show the areas in the world that suffer from high levels of malaria. It depicts intensity levels from light red to dark red.  The map was created to educated U.S. servicemen on the areas of concern for this serious health concern. After high numbers of U.S. servicemen were put out of action in the South Pacific in 1942 due to malaria, an education campaign was created to better prepare U.S. military personnel on the dangerous of not taking personal precautions to combat malaria. Unfortunately to view this particular map in greater detail will require going to the link below:&#13;
https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~288913~90060542:This-is-Ann-----she-drinks-blood--H?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&amp;qvq=q:malaria;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=0&amp;trs=4&#13;
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;1894 Transportation map of Russia&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The map includes steamship and railway routes. It also highlights communication lines and roads in the Russian Empire in 1894. Focal points of the map are the Volga River and the numerous railways. The legend in the upper left corner of the map includes red lines as an indicator or railway lines, the solid red lines are for completed railroad lines, and the dashed red lines illustrate railway lines under construction. Blue lines are used to highlight steamship routes, and black lines indicate the roads. Green lines show the borders of the countries and towns. Mileage on the roads is highlighted at specific points on the map. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was published in St. Petersburg, Russia, during the reign of Czar Nicholas II. You can see the start of the Trans-Siberian railway from Moscow included on this map, and in an insert, it shows the railway from Chelyabinsk to Krasnoyarsk. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;General Staff officers Alexey Afinogenovich Ilyin and Vladimir Poltoratsky of Cartographic Establishment of A. Ilyin are listed as the publishers of this map. As these military officers had in-depth access to military archives, this map is considered to be one of the most precise records of transportation routes in Russia of that time period. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both Persia and Warsaw are included on this map. This is because both places were part of the Russian Empire during the construction of this map. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other inserts on the map include the Caspian Sea, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow region, and the city, Warsaw, Vladivostok, and St. Petersburgh districts. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dimension of the map is 31.5 x 51.5 inches or 2.6 x 4.29 feet.</text>
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                <text>This is a map that was produced in 1893 by C. de Casrelli in St. Petersburg depicting with red arrows the progression of the Cholera epidemic that devastated Russia in 1892. It claimed 200,000 lives and was part of a global pandemic (the 7th cholera pandemic of the 19th century). This map illustrates a general southeastern to northwestern movement of cholera across Russia. This is significant for my project as it shows similarities in movement to the 1346-1353 Black Plague origins and transmission routes as well as the 1921 malaria origins and routes across Russia. Research confirms that climate played an important factor in all three epidemics in creating the conditions for both ideal disease incubation and increase modes of transmission. Of the three maps, the 1943 malaria map best illustrates the areas where high levels of outbreak occurred. All three diseases moved across Russia using established trade, communication, and transportation routes. There is a difference in the speed of travel between the Black Plague which took decades to travel across central and southern Russia before hitchhiking the sea trading routes of the Black Sea and the cholera and malaria epidemics which used rail and roadways to travel across Russia within a year.</text>
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