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                <text>The Jews in the Russian Empire ca. 1880</text>
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                <text>Russian Pale of Settlement during the 19th century</text>
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                <text>The map shows the borders of the Pale of Settlement in the Russian empire from 1825-1917, as well as the main gateway of Jewish emigration from 1800-1914.</text>
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                <text>Catherine Petit</text>
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                <text>The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas. By Gerard Chaliand and Jean-Pierre Rageau. Maps by Catherine Petit. Penguin Books U.S.A. Inc., 1995. (p. 43)</text>
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                <text>The Mapping Globalization Project, a partnership of Princeton University and the University of Washington. https://commons.princeton.edu/mg/</text>
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                <text>This map shows the spacial presence of Jews in the Pale of Settlement. </text>
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                <text>The "Grand Migration" (1880-1914)</text>
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                <text>The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas by Gerard Chaliand and Jean-Pierre Rageau. Maps by Catherine Petit. Penguin Books U.S.A. Inc., 1995. (p. 59)</text>
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                <text>This map, “The ‘Grand Migration’ 1880-1914,” is a visual representation of the mass migration of East European Jews to various areas of the world between the years 1880 and 1914.&#13;
&#13;
The map features blue arrows of varying thicknesses connecting the origin of the migration in Eastern Europe with seven ultimate destinations. The thinner arrows (representing fewer migrants) lead to Palestine, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, and France, while the thicker arrow (representing more migrants) flows through the United Kingdom and ends in the United States.&#13;
&#13;
While there are no numbers on the map, the legend gives us an idea of the concentration of both emigrants and immigrants during this time period. Countries colored purple (Romania and the west of the Russian Empire) represent those with “heavy emigration;” and those colored pink (Greece, Austria-Hungary, etc.) represent “significant emigration.” Countries colored dark green (the United States and Great Britain) represent those with “heavy Jewish immigration;” those colored light green (Canada, Mexico, etc.) signify “significant Jewish immigration.” Lastly, black dots signify “gateways of migration” and include London, Hamburg, and New York, among others.&#13;
&#13;
To understand the magnitude of this migration, it is necessary to attach numbers to the visuals. Between 1880 and 1914, 2.5 million Jews emigrated from Eastern Europe. Approximately two million reached the United States, while 350,000 settled in Western Europe (Great Britain and France, for example), and 300,000 chose other overseas countries (Palestine and Canada, for example.) This mass migration signified a diaspora of Eastern European Jews that resulted in settlements all over the world.&#13;
&#13;
I chose this map because my podcast is about the Russian Jewish mass migration that occurred at the end of the 19th century and continued into the first two decades of the 20th century. The migration was kickstarted in 1881 when Tsarist Russia unleashed a slew of pogroms upon the Russian Jews, targeting the population with organized massacres because of supposed “disloyalty” to the Tsar. While the catalyzing event was  real (a Jewish woman helped organize the assassination of Tsar Alexander II), the pogroms were an escalation of persistent persecution of Jews in the Russian Empire that included forced settlement in the Pale (an area in Western Russia) and little to no rights as Russian subjects.&#13;
&#13;
When the cholera outbreak of 1892 ravaged Asiatic Europe, it added yet another reason for Jews to flee Russia, as they, being marginalized people already, were blamed for the rapid spread of the disease. This map emphasizes the heavy flow of immigrants to the United States in particular; it serves as a backdrop to my discussion of the suspicion and prejudice that the Western world ascribed to the Russian Jews as they fled one form of persecution only to be met with another.&#13;
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                <text>The Mapping Globalization Project (Princeton University and the University of Washington) https://commons.princeton.edu/mg/the-grand-jewish-migration-1880-1914/</text>
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                <text>This map shows the spacial presence of Jews as they migrated from Eastern Europe between 1880 and 1914.</text>
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                <text>This map is important because it demonstrates the natural resource most abundant in Sevastopol- its bays. These bays are naturally fortified by the cliffs pictured with hachures, and the depths are noted in this map as well. These cliffs, depths, and narrow Great Bay opening all contributed to this location being established as the Naval Base for the Russian Black Sea Fleet. (Sydorenko, Crimean Port Cities and Their Hinterland Connections)  </text>
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                <text>[https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:52408946]</text>
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S.W. Chandler &amp; Bro. [Boston] </text>
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                <text>During the mid to late 19th century, the Russian Empire's infrastructure projects proved largely successful in accelerating the country into the modern era. However, to encourage this massive expansion within Russia, the Empire entrusted much of its railway expansion to private entities. The Russian Empires' new rail system was plagued by corruption by funding most private rail projects with public funds and leaving management up to the rail providers. As the Russian Empire entered the 1890's, a massive cholera epidemic took the country, but unlike previous years, the country was significantly better connected.  How did Russian rail corruption affect the spread of cholera during the epidemic of 1892? </text>
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                <text>Colonialism and Its Consequences in the Light of the 1892 Cholera Epidemic</text>
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                <text>Industrial towns and intermodal transportation were intrinsically linked by waterways and railways which carried the disease and, subsequently, a fog of chaos and fear. We will start our historical voyage at the border of Persia and Russia and explore several major towns affected by Cholera while addressing the worker-peasant experience during this epidemic.</text>
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                <text>"There's something in the water."&#13;
"What aren't the doctors telling you?"&#13;
"Don't believe everything you hear."&#13;
&#13;
What did the Russian Empire in 1892 had in common with the US in 2022?&#13;
This is an investigation into the conneciton between Cholera riots and Telecommunication in the Russian Empire. How communication technology and the lack thereof affected narratives and social unrest during the 1892 cholera epidemic.</text>
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                <text>Map showing current rail lines as of 1892</text>
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                <text>While many of the most compelling maps of the rail system in Russia in the late 19th century are aspirational and show many planned routes that would not ultimately be built (and if built would be built differently), this provides a simple view of what actually was in place at the time of the epidemic and would have been available to a traveller wishing to flee the dangers of big cities.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is largely a political map, with provinces differentiated by color and cities and larger towns are notated. Although largely in English, the scale is given in versts as well as miles.</text>
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                <text>D. Appleton &amp; Co.</text>
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                <text>D. Appleton &amp; Co. </text>
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                <text>Russie. Grave par L. Smith. Dresse Sous La Direction De J. Migeon Par Ch. Lacoste. Migeon, editeur, imp, r. du Moulin Vert, Paris. Ecrit par A. Bizet. (1892). Fillatreau del. and Soudain sc. (for vignette).</text>
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                <text>1892 Atlas Map of the Russian Empire</text>
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                <text>Publisher's Note: Philips listing under Desbuissons. Other Phillips editions in 1891 and 1898. See our 1902 edition. A late date for an atlas to have hand colored maps, as this does. With a large folding railroad map of Europe in the back. The vignette views are on every map and are very attractive. Full color maps. Atlas is bound in red cloth covered boards with "Nouvel Atlas Illustre. Geographie Universelle." stamped in gold on the front cover and spine.</text>
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                <text>Nouvel Atlas Illustre Geographie Universelle. Comprenant La Geographie, L'Histoire, L'Administration, La Statistique, Etc. Scientifique, Industriel Et Commercial Dresse, Dessine Et Grave Par Mm. Desbuissons, Lorsignol, Lacoste, Fillatreau, Lecocq, Smith, Bizet, Fontaine, Barbier, Soudain, Etc. Texte par M.A. Martineau. 1892. Paris, Direction Et Administration, 11, Rue Du Moulin-Vert, 11.</text>
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                <text>P964 (1891 edition).</text>
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                <text>Scale 10,000,000. Map shows railways, borders, city locations, rivers, and coastlines in detail.</text>
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                <text>A Map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad</text>
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                <text>A map of the Russian railroads through the European Russia, the Urals, Siberia, Mongolia, China and the Russian Pacific coast. </text>
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                <text>     This is a map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad published in January 1914 by Edward Stanford in London. I am writing about the Trans-Siberian Railroad in Russia, and how it contributed to the spread of cholera during the epidemic of 1892. The Trans-Siberian Railroad is the longest railway in the world, stretching 5,571 miles from Moscow, in the center of European Russia, all the way to Vladivoskok, on Russia’s Pacific coast. It connects with the Chinese Eastern Railroad, which cuts across Mongolia. &#13;
     The Trans-Siberian Railroad opened up parts of European Russia, the Urals, Siberia and Mongolia to increased economic development, trade, and settlement. Unfortunately, it also opened up previously inaccessible regions to the spread of deadly diseases, such as cholera. Cholera was sometimes spread by passengers who were unaware that they had the disease. While rivers in Russia were frozen over in the wintertime, limiting travel among them, railroads were operational year round, which potentially created the limitless spread of cholera. &#13;
This map shows the route of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and adjoining railroads, such as the rail line that goes to St. Petersburg in northwest Russia. It labels all of the cities and towns that the railroad passes through. It also shows the neighboring countries to the south of Russia, some of which, like China, have connecting railroads, and Pacific nations such as Japan. &#13;
     The map also shows the Korean peninsula, and Man-churia, where Russia was expanding into prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. Port Arthur, Russia’s warm water port in China, is also shown on the map. As Russia expanded to all of these areas, it had to battle various levels of inadequate sanitation and local diseases. While the imperial Russian government may have battled with sanitation in remote Russian villages, there were probably even more sanitary problems in areas like Manchuria that were occupied by Russia after the Boxer Rebellion, but were not formally Russian territory.&#13;
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                <text>Edward Stanford. </text>
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                <text>The Establishment of Christian Orthodox Monasteries in the Late Imperial Russia, in the immediate years before and after the cholera epidemics, and their position on the ethnographic map</text>
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