8 10 173 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/3c3cb6a3cdf4d98f15a9cb3bf94fa115.jpeg c76d3c3763bf12f914909bb800ba4570 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Imperial Postal Service Map Description An account of the resource The postal road map hints at population density, data not readily available from other types of sources. On top of density, it also captures the shape of population distribution within a given region (This claim is not based on any serious research; I am writing this text only for demo). The European part of Russia with high population density has the highest road density, decreasing to north and east. The density of roads in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts is the lowest, and many of them are not connected to the federal network. The postal road density corresponds to the severity of cholera casualty. The configuration of the road network in the European part of the country is star-shaped, inherited from the network of the cart roads of the Russian Empire: all the main roads diverge by rays from Moscow. This topology of the network may have resulted from horizontal links between cities and regions of the country. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Imperial Russia (State); St. Petersberg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1860s IIIF Item Metadata UUID a85dc559-7188-4533-aa35-7b8aee52921d Mongols Postal Road Postal Service Russia Spatiality St. Petersberg St. Petersberg (1860s) Transportation IIIF Item Metadata UUID 797e960c-ef5e-4c52-8ca4-b708fa14fe75 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/ed7b009ce3baa7ba897101ff760bc0f3.jpeg 34e424d7a30f5e1b55351303e97d97a5 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/8a8bb6acaf349932977a42c47fea189d.jpeg bf748beae8754942ebc6427728d9b40c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eric Hoppe Final 1st image Map of Nizhny Novgorod, 2nd image Nizhny Novgorod on A.I. Mende (Mendt) map Subject The topic of the resource 1902 travelers map of Nizhny Novogorod city street plan and 1860 map of the general outline of the emergent cityscape of N. Novgorod. Description An account of the resource “Cholera epidemics regularly spread up the Volga from Astrakhan, most devastatingly in 1892 and 1893 when the disease ravaged the working population of the fair. “ Description of Cholera entering Niznhy Novgorod in 1892 from Melnikov Ocherki, (1817–1917) as found in Ocherki’s Bytovoi Istorii Nizhegorodskoi Iarmarki Thie primary map (a Baedeker map from 1902), shows the cityscape of Nizhnii Novgorod. It helps the audience to understand the spatial dimensions of Nizhnii Novgorod during the Cholera plague of 1892 during the time of the fair season. As is seen, Nizhnii Novgorod is split in half by the Volga River and was the primary transit point for goods, commerce, and people from west to east in the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century. It was especially hard hit with the plague across all social classes – but especially the poor and disenfranchised. Sanitation, clean water and provisions for the citizens were all conflated in this urban space. In looking at this map (and the secondary map) we will look to learn about the history of the people who sought to maximize their health and chances of avoiding Cholera by relying upon advancements of Imperial state’s-built environment. That is, was creating walls and defensive spaces like cordoned areas, bridges, hospitals, quarantine areas provided protection of the local inhabitants was effective? From this the map hopes to give the audience clues and insight into whether was it possible to fence off a Cholera Epidemic in 1892 in a Russian Imperial city of Nizhnii Novgorod? Sadly, the answer is no. But we do learn that the difficulty of securing the city or eliminating the spread was going to be a challenge irrespective of outcome and ,when compared to the second map, is that a silver lining to Cholera might be the creation of order and a more measurable and defined built environment as Imperial Russia sought to modernize. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maps by Wagner & Debs, Leipzig Austro-Hungary Empire, A.I Mende Saint Petersburg, Russia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Karl Baedecker, A.I. Mende Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902, 1860 Language A language of the resource French & Russian Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 56° 17' 47.4180'' N and 43° 56' 9.8088'' E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1st map Karl Baedecker's 1902 map of Nizhny Novgorod, 2nd map A.I. Mende (Mendt) map as requested by and organized for the Tsar's Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff, the Land Survey Department and the Russian Geographical Society Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Artist Statement - Eric Hoppe As a graduate student at Harvard, I am nearing the completion of a class focused upon viewing Imperial Russian history through the lens of maps. From this class, I have found myself venturing from the pragmatic world of Statist development to a world imbued with metaphysics and back again to make sense of the cosmology and eschatology of my experience. I find myself pondering questions, unsure if answers exist. I find puzzles with interlinking meaning in 2D vectored cartographic space with scalars of additional maps and legends and historical events adding context and nuance to what I see in a map that I might look at. I am confused, entertained, and enlightened, as I detail below. First, though, I want to share why I decided to pursue this presentation. And why, specifically, I chose these maps and why I selected the sources that inform their relevancy. Concerning the map(s) and accompanying texts to my presentation, I see commonalities of locations, events, and time now and in the past. For example, I view the JFK airport in New York City in the time of Sars Covid 2 in 2022 in comparable light with Nizhny Novgorod in 1892 in the time of a Cholera Epidemic. Both are central intermodal transit points for people and goods and have faced serious challenges in maintaining control of health for significant portions of the population during an epidemic. No one is/was immune despite best faith intentions of governmental agencies and local authorities and physicians to make/made efforts to keep people healthy and free of infection with heightened sanitary measures. That there is also a considerable conversation about the methods of dealing with the epidemics, replete with ideas of conspiracy and non-compliance to governmental oversight makes this an intriguing coincidence. To understand this historic doppelganger – I needed to answer a few questions: What was the built space of the period, and what was the built space in the intervening period, essentially at the time of the last epidemical outbreak of Cholera. Not to sound trite, but the only way to visually “see” this world, this place, at these times was with geographic maps of the period. My maps are a detailed tourist map by Baedeker from 1902 and an Imperially commissioned map from 1860. My primary sources are medical personnel reports and documents supported by secondary source material of experts in Russian history, the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the time period, and of the epidemic in question. The sources consider sanitation, hygiene, clean water, the communicability of Cholera, methods of conveyance, transmission, economics, class, cultural barriers and more. My questions had to be deep but narrow, meaningful but answerable, and I needed to learn something of the social and cultural character of the Russian people and the Empire under which they toiled. In the narration text that is attached to these maps, I believe you will find that the answers to many of these questions serve in equal measure of idea and ideology. I hope that you too will enjoy this journey in these maps with me as an attempt to address the following questions: What defines a built space in Imperial Russia in the nineteenth century? Is it one that confines, protects, and nurtures like a womb or a cocoon with a platform for emergence, growth, and expansion? Is it something from nothing full of hegemonic energy? Is it a part of the natural world with the needs, hope, and ambitions of those who crave security and a source of certainty (inclusive of positive and negative outcomes) in a mercurially unkind and challenging place? Does the built environment of Nizhny Novgorod serve civic purposes equally among class, ethnicity, and social hierarchy? Did it serve its purpose in the time of the Choleric epidemic? Was it part of the problem or effective in its resolution of the contagion? In complete candor, though I tried to find answers to these questions, I continue to ponder many of these points. IIIF Item Metadata UUID da997dcc-b417-4d4a-bd4e-0b084acd5b72 1892 Cholera Epidemic Famine Health Hospital Malnutrition Nizhny Novgorod Obliged Privileged Quarantine Railways Russian Empire Sanitation Tsar Alexander III Volga Zemstov https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/b5191fcaa313e136003a1cd1d54e54f0.jpg c2a2d23c3d8535ba22b89fdc8366a73d https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/43ec8eeebc84bc57102658676be68290.pdf da9f29cd6eb6004b4389a676022a26ed Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Text Any textual data included in the document Famine Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data map Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Russian 1891 Famine Map Description An account of the resource This black and white map was referenced in an 1892 issue of “The Graphic” periodical, which was based in London, and showed us districts, cities, and regions affected by the Russian famine of 1891. The map key is quite simple and in a binary easy with shading tells us “least” and “most affected” areas on the map. The most notable additional feature on the map aside from the famine intensity are the rivers, waterways, and seas. However, this map still does its job with the reader immediately finding the famine-affected regions of the country. The map shows provinces with cities such as Voronezh, Tambov, and Uralsk were affected by famine, but not as significantly as areas such as Nijni Novgorod, Saratov, Simbirsk, Penza, and Tula. Some of the most severely impacted regions were also along the Ural River and the Volga river and can be observed from this map. But this map only gives us a snapshot into a particular moment in time with a focus on one thing - space and famine intensity. What if we want to layer this insight with other discernments into history? This famine occurred just before the1892 cholera epidemic, which also affected a large region across Russia. If we looked at the intensity of this epidemic across the same space, then what might we see? What if we considered the climate or agricultural emphasis of the region, then what might we observe? Combining these elements into one map could be significant because they better help us to understand the conditions that may have influenced cholera’s hold. Our ability to layer single-focus maps may give us insights into not only a particular time period but also into the spatial interactions between those moments in time, allowing us to glimpse, even if just for a moment, the more multi-dimensional history of Russia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Graphic. “The Russian Famine.” The Graphic 45, no. 1,154 (January 9, 1892): 45. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1693139329/abstract/A91F67746CA14610PQ/1. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Illustrated London News. Published in "The Graphic." Map Source Unknown. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1891-1892 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource © The Illustrated London News Limited 2014. All rights reserved. Relation A related resource None Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Unknown Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Historical Map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://www.proquest.com/docview/1693139329/abstract/A91F67746CA14610PQ/1 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Russian famine intensity IIIF Item Metadata UUID c2942410-0f2c-4ca0-9ba3-44b2ab187d91 1891 1892 Famine Penza Russia Saratov Tambov Tula Uralsk Voronezh https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/4c2c1fc2fb62d90c2fcc20e62765729d.jpg 82c6476c15ec44eb32395322e082648c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Assignments IIIF Collection Metadata UUID 4c647e5e-b3d3-454c-a95d-f4859881dd5a Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/1715 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Caucasia / 8th Field Survey Co. R.E. Subject The topic of the resource Caucasus Maps Description An account of the resource Caucasus Region circa early 20th century The map selected is a 1918 British military map of the northern and southern Caucasus region. As a result, you will find that map contains names written in English script. Each province on the map is separated by borders in different colors. The primary focus of the region is Dagestan, Georgia and Armenia; all of which were identified as regions with the highest mortality rates as a result of cholera infections in the late 19th century. On the far right side of the map, outlined in yellow is the province of Dagestan. There, bordering the Caspian Sea and the Aspheron peninsula you will find the city of Baku which is largely known for its oil production. According to records in 1888, the total population of Baku is over 108,000. The city is also surrounded by smaller villages such as Baladjari, Sobunchi, Surkhani and Pufa. A checkered black line forms a semi-circle around the city represent a transit line. Small red lines on both the east and the west touching the rim of the coast represent roads that provide access to the city. The blue lines represent rivers of various lengths. Neighboring Dagestan and colored with a purple border is the province of Georgia. Within the center of the province is its largest city Tiflis with a population of 102,000 in 1892. Tiflis was amongst the earliest cities that reached high rates of cholera in the early 19th century. It rests centered between several blue, red and black lines that show an intersection of roads, rivers and trains. The red lines also connect to cities its east such as Manglis, and Kojori. On the west, cities such as Mukhraven, Gambori and Telay. Touching the southern border of Georgia is Armenia. On the far west of the province written in green is labeled “local control Kurds.” In the center and identified using a small black square with diagonal lines filled in the interior is the city of Kars. Black and redlines intersect it indicating that travel is accessible both by trains and by roads. The closest towns consist of Bagnimt, Aladjamt, and Bash Kadikylar. Several cities further east have numbers written underneath them indicating their local population. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Britain Army. Royal Engineers. Field Survey Co 8th. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1918 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://uwm.edu/libraries/digital-collections/copyright-digcoll/ Relation A related resource www.edmaps.com Language A language of the resource English, Russian Type The nature or genre of the resource Early 20th century British Army map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Dogestan, cholera Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant The Russian province of the Caucasus which includes a number of towns, cities, and water access points Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 1 map : annotated, color ; 59 x 48 cm IIIF Item Metadata UUID fcc42ccb-16ff-4d56-bcc7-300e8253c046 Baku Caucusus Cholera Kars Terek Tiflis https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/107dc53a82c9f6ed7f81d954ba90929f.jpg 1909ed7320efdf00bb342f9503af8d0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Jews in the Russian Empire ca. 1880 Subject The topic of the resource Russian Pale of Settlement during the 19th century Description An account of the resource The map shows the borders of the Pale of Settlement in the Russian empire from 1825-1917, as well as the main gateway of Jewish emigration from 1800-1914. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Catherine Petit Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas. By Gerard Chaliand and Jean-Pierre Rageau. Maps by Catherine Petit. Penguin Books U.S.A. Inc., 1995. (p. 43) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Mapping Globalization Project, a partnership of Princeton University and the University of Washington. https://commons.princeton.edu/mg/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Thumbnail is publicly accessible. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Map of Jewish diaspora Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant This map shows the spacial presence of Jews in the Pale of Settlement. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 37e98e2c-4127-47e3-a051-1ee444d44b51 1800s diaspora Jews in Russia Pale of Settlement https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/c569c1fa56af3d3682e784581894bbea.jpg 156e62014f92b089962d71dfe35dff32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of western Russia showing the Jewish Pale of Settlement Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Isidore Singer and Cyrus Adler Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Jewish Encyclopedia; a Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (1901) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Funk & Wagnalls Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1901 Description An account of the resource The Russian Empire was a multinational state, and the Jews were a significant minority group in the empire. The Tsarist government imposed many restrictions on the Jews, including geographical confinement. Jews had to live in the Pale of Settlement, which was located in the western part of the Russian Empire.The Pale spanned across all of modern day Belarus, Lithuania, and Moldova, the vast majority of Ukraine and Latvia, much of modern day Poland, as well as the Western parts of modern day Russia. By 1885, there were more than 4 million Jews living in the Pale. Within the Pale, there were some towns (such as Kiev) where Jews could only live if they had special residence permits. Similarly, some Jews were allowed to live outside the Pale with special permission, although this was rare. Before you is a map of the Pale of Settlement from 1901. As you can see, The Pale covered a huge area that consisted of more than 20 gubernii or provinces. On this map, the province names are written in capital letters and the towns are in lower case. There are also some rivers noted on the map. The map legend details the percentages of Jews that lived in each of the provinces of the Pale. As noted, the Northwestern area had the highest percentage of Jews within the provinces. In areas such as Grodno and Minsk, more than 15% of the population was Jewish. This map is important due to the fact that it visually demonstrates the confinement and segregation of the Jews within the Russian Empire. Understanding the geographical restrictions of living in the Pale gives context to the history of the Jews in the Russian Empire. Visualizing the vast area of the Pale as well as the percentage of Jews in each town, demonstrates the size and significance of the Jewish population in Russia. The map conveys the demographics of the Jews and enables a broader understanding of their circumstances. The geographical picture obtained from this map, frames the conditions that influenced the massive migration of more than 2 million Jews from Russia. IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3effd686-74aa-4109-969f-4fcd7c39d1eb diaspora Jews in Russia migration Pale of Settlement Russia https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/261a95956306de38219f57f944fe88c7.jpeg 408881f0579e4a32ab6d02885313c9aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1894 Transport Map of Russia - Map of the routes of Steamships, Communication lines, Railways, and Roads in the Russian Empire Language A language of the resource Russian Subject The topic of the resource Transportation and Communication Description An account of the resource 1894 Transportation map of Russia The map includes steamship and railway routes. It also highlights communication lines and roads in the Russian Empire in 1894. Focal points of the map are the Volga River and the numerous railways. The legend in the upper left corner of the map includes red lines as an indicator or railway lines, the solid red lines are for completed railroad lines, and the dashed red lines illustrate railway lines under construction. Blue lines are used to highlight steamship routes, and black lines indicate the roads. Green lines show the borders of the countries and towns. Mileage on the roads is highlighted at specific points on the map. It was published in St. Petersburg, Russia, during the reign of Czar Nicholas II. You can see the start of the Trans-Siberian railway from Moscow included on this map, and in an insert, it shows the railway from Chelyabinsk to Krasnoyarsk. General Staff officers Alexey Afinogenovich Ilyin and Vladimir Poltoratsky of Cartographic Establishment of A. Ilyin are listed as the publishers of this map. As these military officers had in-depth access to military archives, this map is considered to be one of the most precise records of transportation routes in Russia of that time period. Both Persia and Warsaw are included on this map. This is because both places were part of the Russian Empire during the construction of this map. Other inserts on the map include the Caspian Sea, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow region, and the city, Warsaw, Vladivostok, and St. Petersburgh districts. The dimension of the map is 31.5 x 51.5 inches or 2.6 x 4.29 feet. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cartographic Establishment of A. Ilyin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/39456/transport-map-of-russia-map-of-the-routes-of-steamships-a-ilyin IIIF Item Metadata UUID 0028c8ce-62ac-4240-a2fc-280f4a8956de Communication Lines Railways Roads Steamships https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/bd0a6378c7dd759b87fb90513c929761.png c1048e799637d4a47f8ec9ee9cdea460 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volga River Map Subject The topic of the resource Towns along the Volga River Language A language of the resource English Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volgarivermap-hu.png IIIF Item Metadata UUID 2bf01c3f-8b9c-424a-8e3a-78220ab98d6d Astrakhan Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Samara Saratov Tver Ulyanovsk Volga River Volgograd Yaroslavl