9 10 173 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/8e691d963fa5206d36045547d6335766.jpg 1791ed87ced9546d63c1ebde1d932c92 Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of the rail, water and road routes of transport of European Russia. Description An account of the resource Issued by the Ministry of Transport in 1902, the Map of the rail, water and road routes of transport of European Russia, shows the massive growth in the rail network in the short time after the introduction of the locomotive to the Russian Empire. From 1830 to 1847 the Russian Empire expanded their railway from zero miles to 227 miles, and again from 1847 to 1892 expanded to 30000 miles with a majority of which is closely represented in this map of European Russia.[1] Understanding the Map Charted by renowned map maker A. Ilyin [2], this map details the different major methods of transport throughout European Russia at the turn of the Century. The map is marked accordingly: <ul><li>Large Solid Black Lines - Railways</li> <li>Orange Shading / Lines - Represent Provincial Borders</li> <li>Blue Shaded inland areas - Waterways / rivers</li> <li>Thin Single / Double black lines - Roads</li> <li>Thin Single / Double red lines - Highways</li> <li>Black Dotted Lines - Telegraphs</li> </ul>Relation to the Cholera Epidemic This maps creation with close proximity to the 1892 Cholera epidemic also grants a reader with a better understanding of how the disease quickly spread throughout the Empire through its extensive travel infrastructure. The Western European regions are heavily connected to one another, granting quick access by not only travelers and citizens, but anything else which has the capability of travelling, such as a disease. Notable Blanks in Service On this map is key to note a number of locations had significantly less railway connection. For example, termination points in a number of large cities in the East. While cities like Kazan often served as gateways to east Russia, we see large swaths of land that see no connection at all to railways. Serving as termination points for rail service could result in losses of revenue, as exports only from the termination point city and travelers and locals specifically heading to Kazan finding themselves there. Other locations have railways going significantly further into eastern Russia. A key possibility is a level of influence held by one region over another, direct connections with the Russian government, or general corruption among those constructing the railways. While termination points and / or lack of railway access would have been economic barriers to success, for these same reasons, the spread of the Cholera epidemic could be lessened. Fewer citizens and travelers to termination points could also reduce the likelihood of a town or region contracting the disease. A notable blank in rail service is also along the Volga. Along the river there appear to be no less than Eight termination points. A possible shift from rail service to steamboat or water transport, inability to construct bridges over the Volga, or a general lack of economic neccessity could have been reasons for these terminations. [1] Frank Clemov, The Cholera Epidemic of 1892 in the Russian Empire .. St. Petersburg: K.L. Rikker, 1893. 38 [2] As described by Professor O'Neill in her 1/19/2022 lecture Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Russian Ministry of Transport, Ilyin, A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived David Rumsey Historical Map Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Russian Ministry of Transport Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Subject The topic of the resource A Map of the rail, water and road routes of transport throughout that of European Russia. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource Russian IIIF Item Metadata UUID 64e3986a-b544-410e-91d9-f5f67f4a14e4 JSON Data https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_lunacommons_luna_oai_N_A_RUMSEY_8_1_326865_90095479 Kazan Rail railroad train Volga https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/66a1f7e0cb96f687d037c285fd141949.jpg d79af1611688314e866172fc1e20a1dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ethnographische Karte von Russland Subject The topic of the resource Ethnographic Map of Russia c.1878 Description An account of the resource This ethnographic map of European Russia depicts the makeup of the Russian Empire’s diverse population during the late 1800’s and how the various ethnic groups were geographically dispersed throughout the country. The map highlights the geographic area from the northern borderlands to the Black and Caspian Seas in the south, including the mountainous isthmus of the Caucasus which is historically considered a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The map identifies European Russia’s inhabitants as belonging to one of fourteen separate ethnic groups or “Stamme” (tr. tribes) which are further classified into forty-six different places of geographic or regional origin. For instance, ethnic Russians are identified as Slavs, comprised of three separate groups, representing separate regions of Russia’s heartland. While the map does not indicate the total population or population density of any one group or region, it does suggest the gradual absorption of smaller groups into the larger group identified as ethnic Russians. The integration and mixing of various ethnic groups were largely a result of the increased mobility and migration of peasants who were emancipated in 1861. Concentrations of non-ethnic Russians inhabited the outer ranges of the empire’s southern and easter frontiers, including the Caspian’s coastal city of Baku where Russia’s cholera epidemic of 1892 was identified as appearing first. Enclaves of ethnic Turkic and Iranian (Persian) people among others can be traced from Astrakhan on the delta of the Volga river northward toward the cities of Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and westward toward Russia’s largest cities Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was along the Volga that Russia experienced the rapid incursion of cholera because of poor living conditions and lack of sanitation. It was also along the Volga that the outbreak of several riots within the towns and settlements in response to the government’s initial measures to contain the outbreak of cholera. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rittikh, Aleksandr Fedorovich Petermann, A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Justus Perthes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1878 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rumsey Collection Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Composite Map IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3b3291ad-a0b1-4f64-a403-e47e5203e4f5 Baku Ethnography Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Russia russian Russian Empire Samara Saratov Simbirsk Slavic Volga Volga River https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/719d5df7eae6483c1c9d8a2cc6e6eca9.jpg 3062cbdbc1e23655e785fa36bef2da64 Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:482216483 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stanford's Map of the Siberian Railway, the great Land Route to China and Korea. Subject The topic of the resource A map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad Description An account of the resource A map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Vladivostok Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stanford. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard Widener Library Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stanford Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource After 1905, since the map shows Sakhalin Island bisected (which took place after the Russo-Japanese War) but before February 1917, when the Russian Empire fell. Language A language of the resource English Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:482216483 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/ids:482216483 IIIF Item Metadata UUID 52d6925e-9c39-4111-948e-e2d0b1f21f46 Godless communists ports Railroads Russia Siberian tigers https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/dfa72e017291281877825e0698e01924.jpg 8d6821559626b5c8c7ceff206fb46a52 Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30719~1150646:European-Russia-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&qvq=q:European%20Russia;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=79&trs=613# Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource European Russia Description An account of the resource Color map of Russia showing Capitals of Governments, Towns, Villages, Railroads, Telegraph Lines, Canals, Rivers, Wells Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cassell & Company Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30719~1150646:European-Russia-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&qvq=q:European%20Russia;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=79&trs=613#" title="European Russia">David Ramsey Historical Map Collection</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Times, London Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1895 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Andree, Richard Language A language of the resource English Subject The topic of the resource Map of European Russia c.1895 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rumsey Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource World Atlas IIIF Item Metadata UUID 42e9a38a-735e-4a0b-b1cd-5e3c3e7457f1 1800s 1895 canals Cholera Cities Epidemic Government Capitals railroad map Russia Russian Empire Telegraph towns Volga River https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/a1518046741573d7c77b13a46e7615d4.jpg c9bd51ec7cda6ee445a563e956a85439 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Russia Showing the Districts Affected by the Famine Subject The topic of the resource Russian Famine of 1891 Description An account of the resource Is this map of famine across Russia in 1891 a telescope into the future of the 1892 cholera epidemic? Historians are not clear as to the role Russia's 1891 famine played in setting the stage for cholera. This map shows least affected famine areas as well as most affected areas. The most affected provinces are located immediately on the Volga River. It seems that these areas were so affected that the map maker broke from their convention used for the rest of the map of highlighting by province to focus on areas with either high or low effect. See east of Saratof as an example. Because the map compares "most" versus "least" affected regions, it is unclear as to what the unmarked sections of the map represent. Perhaps these areas had average amounts of famine, or possibly they had no famine at all. This map was published in a London newspaper entitled The Graphic on January 9, 1892, so it is likely a fair assumption that the data represented was referenced only from 1891 and before, and it did not account for any cholera destruction that would ensue in the summer of 1892. Another interesting thing to take note of is that most of the famine areas exist along the Volga River, but there are two notable exceptions: Tula and Ufa. Thus, this map makes it clear that famine was not restricted to areas that were affected by the weather, flooding, trade, and travel patterns of the Volga. This map was used as an illustration in an article that indicated it was “made on behalf of the Imperial Relief Organisation.” The article states, that “all Central and Eastern, and in a greater part of Southern Russia the distress is exceedingly serious.” This fascinating artifact gives us a glimpse into the famine-struck areas of a nation right before a large cholera outbreak. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Typo. Etching Co. Sc. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Graphic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1892 Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1mdq5o5/TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1693139329 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Russia Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Imperial Relief Organization Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Journal article image Type The nature or genre of the resource Map Image IIIF Item Metadata UUID 7d37a708-83de-468a-bb22-64c872d29794 1891 Famine Penza Samara Saratov Simbirsk Tula Ufa Volga https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/ad0999548e7ad8b506ba115db2422815.jpeg 1eda187daf8585f2a9effeb3dae9abf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1890 Map of the Regions of Precious Metals in Imperial Russia Subject The topic of the resource Precious Metals Industry during the Cholera Epidemic of 1892 in Russia Description An account of the resource In 1890, Jlyne created this visual representation of the production of precious metals across the landscape of the Russian Empire. The map is centered on the Siberian territory with a clear landscape view starting from Warsaw in the far west stretching all the way to the coastline of Vladivostok in the far east. How the vantage point was stretched out in the making of this map reveals the message that mining for precious metals was a far reaching industry that touched most parts of the empire in some form or fashion. The legend at the bottom left tells the observer where they can find gold mines, gold production centers, silver production centers, and platinum production centers. Although the source doesn't acknowledge the map's origins, it is likely that it may have been connected to the Gokhran of Russia, which has served as Russia's state treasury and ministry of finance since its formation in 1719. The map reveals that towns like Ekaterinburg, Tomsk, Yeniseisk, Udsk, and others were some of the greatest contributors to Imperial Russia's precious metal industry. The differing marks of the gold mines also cause the observer to consider how the mining sites may have differed depending on the landscape which consequently might have affected the work experience of displaced serfs in 1890. The railways between the mines that stretched across the landscape show how the towns were connected and how workers could travel from one site to the next. When considering the period of time that this map was published, it's important to acknowledge that just two years later the Cholera Epidemic of 1892 broke out on the Persian border near the Caspian Sea. These railway systems and industry hubs might have contributed to the spread of the disease and impacted the protocols that guided mining production. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jlyne, A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Library of Congress Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 1 map : col. ; 30 x 51 cm. Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Map IIIF Item Metadata UUID 0d7608f8-40b5-4842-83be-67399e3b55fd 1890 gold platinum precious metals Russia silver https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/8cb27c50b9f4a8d6efa8580cc4a2704d.jpeg 77fe870dc797ca8bca43ade9f0b0294f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1892 Map of the Spread of Cholera in Imperial Russia Subject The topic of the resource Cholera Epidemic 1892 Description An account of the resource This image contains an epidemiological map depicting the spread of the 1892 Cholera Epidemic across Imperial Russia, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. The map is one of only a handful of Cholera maps to have been printed entirely in Russian Cyrillic, and was lithographed in St. Petersburg not long after the outbreak by C. de Castelli. The map showcases both the western side of the Russian Empire and the eastern landscape up until Lake Baikal. On the map are a series of red arrows starting out near the Caspian Sea, where the epidemic first entered Russian territory from Persia through present-day Mashad, Iran. As an observer follows the red arrows from the Caspian Sea, it becomes evident that the Cholera cases were directly connected to waterway and railway systems further emphasizing the disease's infectious nature from a geographical standpoint. From the Persian border, Cholera spread across the Caspian Sea, through the Caucasus region and then up across the Steppes to infect Kiev, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Warsaw. Castelli's use of the arrows visually conveys the chaotic nature of how the infection spread in many directions as it travelled from town to town. The map shows how the epidemic moved east across Siberia through several major towns and seemingly weakened as it travelled along with some areas being relatively untouched. Despite the rural lifestyle and poor hygiene of some eastern Siberian towns, such as Irkutsk, they seemed to naturally avoid the intensity of Cholera due to higher quality of water and the natural dilution that might have occurred as Cholera travelled along major rivers like the Volga River out of the Caspian Sea. This was not the first outbreak of Cholera in the Russian Empire but it clearly had a widespread impact as depicted through this map. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource C. de Castelli Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available St. Petersburg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1893 Language A language of the resource Russian Cyrillic Type The nature or genre of the resource Map IIIF Item Metadata UUID 4f0da893-0b9b-4c95-a38e-b15dc8158a02 1892 Cholera Epidemic Spread St. Petersburg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/eeac06dbaa7bdbec66470954b5f63d9a.jpg 700ac72869601e3f4b88f3a0e44f14fd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The principal street in the fair, Nijni-Novgorod, Russia Subject The topic of the resource The principal street in the fair, Nijni-Novgorod, Russia Description An account of the resource Print, Photo Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Library of Congress Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource H.C. White Co., publisher Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource No known restrictions on publication. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Jpg Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource photo, print IIIF Item Metadata UUID 3d152391-aea5-4594-8bcb-66ec2ef2570f fairs Nizhny Novgorod photo Russia https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/12a259d96e3dca349b9961c427d22077.jpg 38fd4015281732a041d478a9ff70f6e6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The principal street in the fair, Nijni-Novgorod, Russia Subject The topic of the resource Fairs--Russia (Federation)--Nizhniĭ Novgorod--1900-1910 - Carriages & coaches--Russia (Federation)--Nizhniĭ Novgorod--1900-1910 - Streets--Russia (Federation)--Nizhniĭ Novgorod--1900-1910 Description An account of the resource The principal street in the fair, Nijni-Novgorod, Russia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource North Bennington, Vt. : H.C. White Co., c1902. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.loc.gov/item/89715944/ https://www.loc.gov/resource/stereo.1s36469/ Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Library of Congress Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource H.C. White Co. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource No known restrictions on publication. Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Photo,Print IIIF Item Metadata UUID 23a60173-2a8f-460e-82e4-8adcb88b0dda 1902 fairs Nizhny Novgorod photo https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/imperialmap/original/3f6402aaa301dd1fe892904fd5c72a86.png 95ed00e9c571f4fde1d4a2781019a821 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1916 Map of Nizhni Novgorod Subject The topic of the resource Map of Nizhni Novgorod Fair Description An account of the resource This 1916 map is an intriguing window for those interested in Nizhni Novgorod regarding how the town and fair were spatially oriented. Note the Volga and Oka Rivers. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Imperiia: a spatial history of the Russian Empire. “Imperiia: A Fair Place for Industry: The National Trade Fair of Nizhnii Novgorod and Industry.” Accessed January 18, 2022. https://scalar.fas.harvard.edu/imperiia/a-fair-place-for-industry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1916 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Map Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Map IIIF Item Metadata UUID 98603650-5d6d-4807-8aa0-67d599d0f2f6 Fair Volga River